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INSOMNIA
Primary insomnia is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as the difficulty of initiating or maintaining sleep or sleep of the non-restorative type for at least a month. (Espie 2002) Insomnia is transient when it lasts only for a few days to a few weeks, as when some temporary event or physical condition is responsible, such as an illness, changes in sleeping environment, work or family stress or jet lag. The cause or causes will pass or can be disposed of directly But when the disorder occurs between a month and six months, it is called acute insomnia, and beyond six months, it is chronic. This type is distinguished from the "psychophysiologic insomnia in wakefulness, the circadian rhythm disorder in time alignment, the parasomnias and secondary insomnias. Insomnia that is more than transient cannot be effectively eliminated or remedied immediately or on the surface. The underlying root cause must be discovered and dealt with directly. This is because the body's normal sleep pattern is disturbed when sleep becomes difficult or absent for more than a month, and the body adjusts to this new and irregular or poor pattern. Sedatives or some other approaches may address and calm the symptoms, but the sleeplessness will resurface only until the true cause is discovered and eliminated. Chronic insomnia is defined as "the subjective experience of an inadequate quantity or quality of sleep that has persisted for at least one month." (qtd in Rajput Oct 1 1999: 1)
The American Institute of Preventive Medicine reported that more than 40 million Americans have difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep (Whatley 1998) or a third of American adults (Rajput 1999) and almost half of this one-third considers their condition serious. The conservative estimate on the occurrence of chronic insomnia is from 9 to 12% in adulthood and up to 20% in later life. It is also noted that women are two times more affected by it than men. (Espie) Chronic insomnia is a common but indeed a serious condition, in that it persists for several years once established. All kinds of sleep disturbance or disorder must be tackled efficiently, as it poses as a major public health threat, the cost of which was estimated to be as huge as $14 billion in the USA and FF10 billion in France, according to a 1995 survey (Walsh and Engelhardt 1999, Leger et al. 1999).
In discovering the causes to insomnia, some understanding of the sleep process becomes necessary. Sleep does not mean the end of wakefulness, but "... is a complex state of active and coordinated brain processes." (qtd in Rajput 2) With the use of an electroencephalography, sleep goes through the REM (rapid eye movement) sleep stage, followed by three deep non-REM stages. In the first REM stage, brain activity still happens which looks approximates wakefulness and dreams but it is in the deeper non-REM stages that the body is restored and refreshed.
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Prewritten #52 |
| Title: |
52 Insomnia. |
| Category: |
Psychology / Abnormal Psychology (Mental Illness, Psychiatry, DSM-IV) |
| Filename: |
52 Insomnia Mental Disorders.doc |
| Pages: |
14 |
| Bibliographies: |
4 |
| Format: |
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| Price: |
US$41.30 |
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